• About the Turkish Language
    Turkish is a language spoken by 65–73 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey, with smaller communities in Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece, and Eastern Europe. Turkish is also spoken by several million immigrants in Western Europe, particularly in Germany. The roots of the language can be traced to Central Asia, with the first written records dating back nearly 1,200 years. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the immediate precursor of today's Turkish—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the new Turkish Republic, the Ottoman script was replaced with a phonetic variant of the Latin alphabet. Concurrently, the newly founded Turkish Language Association initiated a drive to reform the language by removing Persian and Arabic loanwords in favor of native variants and coinages from Turkic roots. The distinctive characteristics of Turkish are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. The basic word order of Turkish is Subject Object Verb. Turkish has a T-V distinction: second-person plural forms can be used for individuals as a sign of respect. Turkish also has no noun classes or grammatical gender. Turkic languages and Altaic languages Turkish is a member of the Turkish, or Western, subgroup of the Oghuz languages, which includes Gagauz and Azeri. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the Turkic languages, a language family comprising some 30 living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia. and Siberia. Some linguists believe the Turkic languages to be a part of a larger Altaic language family. About 40% of Turkic language speakers are Turkish speakers. The characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family and the Altaic languages.There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkish and the other Oghuz languages, including Azeri, Turkmen, Qashqai, and Gagauz. History The earliest known Turkic inscriptions reside in modern Mongolia. The Bugut inscriptions written in the Sogdian alphabet during the First Göktürk Khanate are dated to the second half of the 6th century. The two monumental Orkhon inscriptions, erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khan and dating back to some time between 732 and 735, constitute another important early record. After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889–93, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the Old Turkic language written using the Orkhon script, which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to an external similarity to the Germanic runic alphabets. With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia to Europe and the Mediterranean. The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks, in particular, brought their language, Oghuz Turkic—the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into Anatolia during the 11th century. Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, Ka?garl? Mahmud from the Kara-Khanid Khanate, published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Ottoman Turkish: Divânü Lügati't-Türk).
  • About the Arabic Language
    The term "Arabic" may refer with equal accuracy to either literary Arabic (fu?) or the many localized varieties of Arabic commonly called "colloquial Arabic". Arabs consider literary Arabic as the standard language and tend to view everything else as mere dialects. Literary Arabic translit: al-lu?atu l-arabiyyatu l-fu? "the most eloquent Arabic language"), refers both to the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East and to the language of the Qur'an. (The expression media here includes most television and radio, and practically all written matter, including all books, newspapers, magazines, documents of every kind, and reading primers for small children.) "Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties derived from Classical Arabic, spoken daily across North Africa and the Middle East, which constitute the everyday spoken language. These sometimes differ enough to be mutually incomprehensible. These dialects are not typically written, although a certain amount of literature (particularly plays and poetry) exists in many of them. They are often used to varying degrees in informal spoken media, such as soap operas and talk shows. Literary Arabic or classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages.
Polish Language Learning - learn to speak Polish
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  • speak CD Pimsleur Basic Book Learn Discount Polish
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    Pimsleur Polish 5 Audio CDs Get Other Polish Language Learning Audio Books click here Pimsleur Polish - 5 Audio CDs Brand New : 5 Audio CDs Brand New 5 CD's This Basic program contains 5 hours of audio-only effective language learning with real-life spoken practice sessions. HEAR IT LEARN IT SPEAK IT The Pimsleur Method provides the most effective language-learning program ever developed. The Pimsleur Method gives you quick command of Polish structure without tedious drills. Learning to speak Polish can actually be enjoyable and rewarding. The key reason most people struggle with new languages is that they aren't given proper instruction only bits and pieces of a language. Other language programs sell only pieces -- dictionaries; grammar books and instructions; lists of hundreds or thousands of words and definitions; audios containing useless find out more.....

  • Pimsleur Audio Polish Comprehensive Level CD
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    Pimsleur Comprehensive Polish Level 1 Get other Polish Language audio click here Comprehensive Polish includes 30 lessons of essential grammar and vocabulary -- 16 hours of real-life spoken practice sessions -- plus an introduction to reading. Upon completion of this Level I program you will have functional spoken proficiency with the most-frequently-used vocabulary and grammatical structures. You will be able to: * initiate and maintain face-to-face conversations * deal with every day situations -- ask for information directions and give basic information about yourself and family * communicate basic information on informal topics and participate in casual conversations * avoid basic cultural errors and handle minimum courtesy and travel requirements * satisfy personal needs and limited social demands * establish rapport with strangers in foreign countries * begin reading and sounding out items with native-like pronunciation. About the Polish Language Polish is mainly spoken in Poland. Poland is one of the most homogeneous European countries with regard to its mother tongue; nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declar more here.....

  • Vocabulary Builder Polish Level
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    Vocabulearn Polish Level 1 - Vocabulary Builder Get Other Polish Language Learning Audio click here Vocabulearn Polish - 4 Audio CDs Brand New (still shrink wrapped): 3 Hours on 4 CDs plus listening guide The One and Only Audio Foreign Language Vocabulary Builder Language learners know that after acquiring basic words phrases and grammar expanding foreign language vocabulary is essential to developing the power to really communicate in the new language. VocabuLearn is unique in its ability to build a broad vocabulary. # Levels one contains the 2500 most frequently used words and phrases. # Each level includes 2500 words organized into the categories of nouns adjectives and adverbs expressions and verbs. About Polish Polish an official language of Poland has the largest number of speakers of any West Slavic language. Polish is spoken in a uniform manner through most of Poland and has a regular orthography. The language developed indigenously and retains many ancient Slavic features of pronunciation and grammar. Although the Polish language was suppressed by occupying power more details.....

  • Learn Teach
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    Teach Yourself Polish - Book and 2 Audio CD's 2 Audio CDs and Book Get Other Polish Language Learning Audio Books click here Teach Yourself Polish - 2 Audio CDs and Book Brand New (still shrink wrapped) 2 CDs and Book *learn how to speak understand and write Polish *progress quickly beyond the basics *explore the language in depth Summary: Do you want to cover the basics then progress fast? -Do you want to communicate in a range of situations? -Are you keen to reach a high standard? Teach Yourself Polish starts with the basics but moves at a lively pace to give you a good level of understanding speaking and writing. You will have lots of opportunity to practise the kind of language you will more information.....